|
|
Human behavior is so complex. In
response to this dilemma, there are
countless scientific areas attempting
to try to explain certain areas.
However, the final synthesis is still
not accomplished at the present.
After a short historical background,
I would like to introduce the point of
view of the biological approach, the
so called human ethology.
BIRTH OF PSYCHOLOGY
Philosophers were thinking about thinking for hundreds of years. At the end of the 19th century, the "first psychologist" Wundt attempted to take psychology into the laboratory and make simple measurements like reaction times. By so doing, he attempted to make it approachable for science.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Some years later the psychoanalytic movement started with a completely different attitude. They examined the unconscious psychic content and its role with the help of introspection, free association, and dream analysis. Except for the theorists themselves, their subjects were dominantly neurotic or mentally ill patients.
BIRTH OF PSYCHOLOGY
Philosophers were thinking about thinking for hundreds of years. At the end of the 19th century, the "first psychologist" Wundt attempted to take psychology into the laboratory and make simple measurements like reaction times. By so doing, he attempted to make it approachable for science.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Some years later the psychoanalytic movement started with a completely different attitude. They examined the unconscious psychic content and its role with the help of introspection, free association, and dream analysis. Except for the theorists themselves, their subjects were dominantly neurotic or mentally ill patients.
INDIVIDUATION
Jung saw the human psyche as a continuously changing and growing subject that is only partly influenced by the early experiences. The other part contains the urge itself of progressing into a more and more complete level of development. This process is the individuation, the harmonious integration of the conscious, unconscious part of the personality. Its long term goal is to achieve the biggest possible fulfillment of all of their capabilities. That implies that the development is not ready with the young adulthood, but gives assignments for the whole life. ...read more...
Jung saw the human psyche as a continuously changing and growing subject that is only partly influenced by the early experiences. The other part contains the urge itself of progressing into a more and more complete level of development. This process is the individuation, the harmonious integration of the conscious, unconscious part of the personality. Its long term goal is to achieve the biggest possible fulfillment of all of their capabilities. That implies that the development is not ready with the young adulthood, but gives assignments for the whole life. ...read more...
Carl Gustav
Jung was a
Swiss
psychiatrist
who lived
from 1875 to
1961.
He developed his own theory about the
human psyche then he collaborated
with Freud for working out and
spreading psychoanalytic ideas. Later,
their different convictions about main
issues led to their separation.
For Free Consultation call:
(425) 280 2643
or send an Email!
(425) 280 2643
or send an Email!
BEHAVIORISM
This was unacceptable for the accuracy preferring behaviorists, who questioned not just the unconscious, but even the conscious psyche - first only the possibility of its investigation with scientific methods, later even its pure existence as well. They developed a very precise, controlled, repeatable experimental approach, by which they improved the learning theory. The laboratory results were derived mostly from rat and mice experiences. They applied their conclusion to humans with little or no restrictions.
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Both the psychoanalysis and the behaviorism are deterministic in the sense that psychoanalysts claim that the instincts and the early experience determine the personality, the behaviorists claim that the stimuli - reaction type of learning is responsible for every observable behavior. In reaction to this determinism, the "Third Force" emerged in the history of psychology. The Humanistic Psychologists accept that basic instincts drives people and they accept that learning plays an important role in shaping behavior. Overall, with these factors they assume that the inner desire of self-actualization is the highest motivation for mankind. Fulfilling our own full potential, we are free to choose how to behave, how to think, and more or less how to feel.
This was unacceptable for the accuracy preferring behaviorists, who questioned not just the unconscious, but even the conscious psyche - first only the possibility of its investigation with scientific methods, later even its pure existence as well. They developed a very precise, controlled, repeatable experimental approach, by which they improved the learning theory. The laboratory results were derived mostly from rat and mice experiences. They applied their conclusion to humans with little or no restrictions.
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Both the psychoanalysis and the behaviorism are deterministic in the sense that psychoanalysts claim that the instincts and the early experience determine the personality, the behaviorists claim that the stimuli - reaction type of learning is responsible for every observable behavior. In reaction to this determinism, the "Third Force" emerged in the history of psychology. The Humanistic Psychologists accept that basic instincts drives people and they accept that learning plays an important role in shaping behavior. Overall, with these factors they assume that the inner desire of self-actualization is the highest motivation for mankind. Fulfilling our own full potential, we are free to choose how to behave, how to think, and more or less how to feel.
THE BIRTH OF ETHOLOGY
Meanwhile psychologists tried to figure out how neurotic psyche is working, or how to modify variables in an experimental situation to evoke behavioral changes, or try to sort out what motivates development in healthy individuals. Zoologists were wandering around in the wild in the search of "nature's laws". Some of their attention turned to the physical characteristics to the behavior of animals. Out in nature, they mostly met the inherited, genetically fixed action patterns of the animals. In 1973 Konrad Lorenz, Nicolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch won shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their animal behavior study. A new science was born, it is called ethology.
THE NEW
SCIENCE
Von Frisch translated the dance of honeybees, Tinbergen described the reproductive behavior hierarchy of the three-spined stickleback and Lorenz made distinctions between analog and homolog behavior pattern during evolution. As zoologists, they never forgot about evolutionary background and their emphasis was on the natural behavior in the natural environment. They focused on the physiological mechanisms, the individual development, the evolutionary origins and the function of behavior. The fluent behavior has been split into separate elements, and the huge descriptive work of "ethogram" collection began. Ethogram is the inventory of all behavior patterns of a species. This descriptive ethology serves as a basis for determining species specific patterns, making comparisons, and searching cause and effect laws and functions. ...read more...
Meanwhile psychologists tried to figure out how neurotic psyche is working, or how to modify variables in an experimental situation to evoke behavioral changes, or try to sort out what motivates development in healthy individuals. Zoologists were wandering around in the wild in the search of "nature's laws". Some of their attention turned to the physical characteristics to the behavior of animals. Out in nature, they mostly met the inherited, genetically fixed action patterns of the animals. In 1973 Konrad Lorenz, Nicolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch won shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their animal behavior study. A new science was born, it is called ethology.
THE NEW
SCIENCE
Von Frisch translated the dance of honeybees, Tinbergen described the reproductive behavior hierarchy of the three-spined stickleback and Lorenz made distinctions between analog and homolog behavior pattern during evolution. As zoologists, they never forgot about evolutionary background and their emphasis was on the natural behavior in the natural environment. They focused on the physiological mechanisms, the individual development, the evolutionary origins and the function of behavior. The fluent behavior has been split into separate elements, and the huge descriptive work of "ethogram" collection began. Ethogram is the inventory of all behavior patterns of a species. This descriptive ethology serves as a basis for determining species specific patterns, making comparisons, and searching cause and effect laws and functions. ...read more...
Evening and Weekend
appointments are available.
Office
4460 73rd Pl SW
Mukilteo, WA 98275
soundsoulcounseling@yahoo.com
4460 73rd Pl SW
Mukilteo, WA 98275
soundsoulcounseling@yahoo.com
Copyright © 2011
SCIENCE IN THE BACKGROUND
S
O
U
N
D
S
O
U
L
C
O
U
N
S
E
L
I
N
G
Regrouping with Insight
Zita Fekete
in Mukilteo WA
on the Internet
on Skype
on the Internet
on Skype
Fresh Content
Biweekly!